DECEMBER 28, 2021
 
 
2021 YEAR IN REVIEW SPECIAL
 
  THREATS TO GPS
 
With rising global tensions, threats to the GPS and Galileo constellations and ways to counter them was an important concern of 2021.

Photo: Stanislav Ostranitsa/iStock/Getty Images Plus/Getty Images  
Russia issues threat to GPS satellites
 
The Kremlin warned it could blow up 32 GPS satellites with its new anti-satellite technology, ASAT, which it tested Nov. 15 on a retired Soviet Tselina-D satellite, according to numerous news reports.
 
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Image: johan63/iStock/Getty Images Plus/Getty Images  
Space debris endangers GPS
 
19% of tracked space objects threaten GPS and other GNSS satellites. While there are many fewer objects in MEO than in LEO, the risk in the former is arguably greater because GPS is so critical to almost all of our technology.
 
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Image: ESA  
Galileo satellite performs collision avoidance maneuver
 
In a first for Galileo, a satellite performed a collision-avoidance maneuver to avoid space debris.
 
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Image: Leestat/iStock/Getty Images Plus/Getty Images
 
Russia ramps up GPS jamming along with troops at Ukraine border
 
GPS jamming and spoofing are important parts of Russia’s arsenal to counter any technological advantage the west may have over their forces.
 
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  M-CODE ADVANCES 
 
The defense market joined governments in efforts to combat interference, jamming and spoofing of GNSS signals.

Logo: Orolia  
M-code receivers start to roll out
 
M-code is designed to enhance PNT capabilities and improved resistance to existing and emerging threats to GPS, such as jamming and spoofing.
 
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Photo: U.S. Army
 
GEODE begins work on military user equipment for Galileo
 
GEODE is the biggest Galileo application development project ever launched. The ambitious defense-cooperation project is under the umbrella of the European Defence Industrial Development Programme (EDIDP) of the European Commission.
 
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Photo: ESA  
Tests begin of Galileo’s OSNMA signal authentication service
 
Galileo’s Open Service Navigation Message Authentication (OSNMA) is intended as a way to combat malicious spoofing of satnav signals.
 
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  OTHER POPULAR NEWS
 
Photo: Galileo  
Galileo constellation grows with launch of 2 new satellites
 
After a three-day delay, on Dec. 4, at 7:19 p.m. EST (00:19 GMT) launch service provider Arianespace launched Galileo satellites 27 and 28 on a Soyuz launcher from Europe’s Spaceport in French Guiana.
 
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Photo: lukaszfus/iStock/Getty Images Plus/Getty Images
 
Surveyors, not the tools, define the profession
 
Many have debated how the surveying profession has morphed into something less than what our predecessors would have called surveying.
 
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Image: Seven Solutions  
White Rabbit makes leap for time over fiber
 
The White Rabbit link has an approximate distance of 1,350 km (840 miles) and was to connect Chicago and New Jersey trading locations.
 
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