Tomorrow, the first backward-incompatible upgrade for the Ethereum 2.0 Beacon Chain will be activated on the Pyrmont test network. The upgrade, dubbed “Altair,” will introduce a number of code changes, including increased penalties on validator misbehavior and improved functionality for lightweight versions of Eth 2.0 software.

(More information about what to expect from Altair can be found in a previous issue of Valid Points.)

This week, in a guest post in New Frontiers, Alex Svanevik, the CEO of blockchain analytics firm Nansen, and Nansen’s Research team break down the data behind validator behavior and stake centralization on Eth 2.0 thus far. While Altair is expected to further improve network dynamics, the authors highlight metrics suggesting that security and decentralization are already trending in a positive direction.

I’m your host, Christine Kim. Reply to this email any time with your thoughts, comments or queries. And between reads, chat with me on Twitter.

Welcome to another edition of Valid Points.

– Christine

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Nansen is a blockchain analytics platform tracking over 90 million labeled Ethereum wallets and accounts. The following guest post authored by Nansen CEO Alex Svanevik and his team is an excerpt from a recently published blog post breaking down the data behind Ethereum 2.0.

While centralized exchanges such as Kraken and Binance continue to command a significant share of total Ethereum 2.0 stake, they appear to be losing share to decentralized staking alternatives such as Lido Finance and Rocket Pool.

Alt text: The share of Ethereum 2.0 stake on centralized exchanges is decreasing.

The top four staking entities (Lido, Kraken, Binance, Staked.us) on Eth 2.0 make up 36.6% of total ETH deposits. Lido is the second largest by total ETH deposited next to Kraken, managing over 750,000 ETH on Eth 2.0 from 9,000 unique Ethereum accounts.

Measuring decentralization

The Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI) is a metric in traditional economics that measures market concentration and competition. It has been applied to blockchains to measure relative network decentralization. Nansen calculates HHI for Eth 2.0 by squaring the share of each source account that has staked on the network, and summing the resulting numbers.

Alt text: The Herfindahl–Hirschman Index applied to Eth 2.0 suggests stake centralization is decreasing.

Though it is clearly not the case that all deposit accounts are independent, the trend does indicate a gradual decrease of HHI over time. Still, it’s important to remind ourselves that centralization risks exist on every layer of the blockchain technology stack. According to data from Ethernodes, more than 21% of Ethereum nodes run on Amazon Web Services.

Profiling deposit activity

Deposit activity on Eth 2.0 is curiously irregular and does not correlate with ETH prices.

The number of daily deposits to Eth 2.0 began falling from May 5 onward, just as Ethereum was inching toward its high of $4,000. The number of deposits then rose significantly from mid-May to mid-June as the value of Ethereum almost halved.

The number of daily deposits to Eth 2.0 hit a peak of 4,788 deposits starting November 1 2020.

Ethereum 2.0 represents a marked change in the security and economic model of Ethereum, with multiple ramifications including the transformation of ETH as an inherently yield-generating asset.

A message from CoinDesk

The CoinDesk DeFi Index (DFX), measuring the investable DeFi market, is now available for investors watching decentralized finance.

It is the latest index by CoinDesk Indexes, the market standard for crypto assets since 2014. The DFX provides a market-cap-weighted index for a representative basket of DeFi-sector cryptocurrencies that is designed to be investable and replicable for professional investors.

Find out more at coindesk.com/indexes/dfx, or email indexes@coindesk.com.

Stani Kulechov, the founder of Aave, is working to create a decentralized alternative to Twitter. BACKGROUND: Top developers like Kulechov and co-founder of Ethereum Vitalik Buterin believe blockchain technology can be leveraged to create higher-quality social discourse.

Ether is the most popular cryptocurrency in Singapore, according to a survey published Monday. BACKGROUND: The survey of over 4,000 adults, conducted June 29–July 9, also found that 67% of respondents with personal investments have crypto in their portfolio, and two-thirds of the crypto holders increased their digital asset holdings during the coronavirus pandemic.

Aave Arc, the institutional arm of decentralized lending protocol Aave, will not offer tether (USDT) as an asset, even though it is the most utilized stablecoin on Aave. BACKGROUND: Regulatory concerns with the largest stablecoin by market capitalization have kept it from being listed on Aave’s institutional lending platform. Tether’s largest competitor, Circle, will have USDC listed as the stablecoin of choice in the new institutional lending pools.

In efforts to develop zero-knowledge (ZK) blockchain scaling technology, Polygon, a layer two network on Ethereum, is merging with the Hermez Network. BACKGROUND: Hermez will be absorbed into the Polygon ecosystem under the name Polygon Hermez. The entire Hermez project – its employees, technology and native HEZ token (which holders will be able to exchange at a rate of 3.5 MATIC:1 HEZ) – will be integrated into Polygon’s platform.

Ethereum data platform Dune Analytics raised $8 million in a Series A funding round led by Fred Wilson’s Union Square Ventures. BACKGROUND: Dune Analytics is best known for its do-it-yourself dashboarding functionality that allows anyone with a meager knowledge of blockchain metrics to easily piece together real-time data visualizations about on-chain activity and then share those creations with the world. The platform hosts at least 6,817 different user-built dashboards tracking everything from EIP 1559 burn rates to Uniswap trading pairs.

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Valid Points incorporates information and data about CoinDesk’s own Eth 2.0 validator. All profits made from this staking venture will be donated to a charity of our choosing once transfers are enabled on the network. For a full overview of the project, check out our announcement post.

You can verify the activity of the CoinDesk Eth 2.0 validator in real time through our public validator key, which is:

0xad7fef3b2350d220de3ae360c70d7f488926b6117e5f785a8995487c46d323ddad0f574fdcc50eeefec34ed9d2039ecb.

Search for it on any Eth 2.0 block explorer site!

I'll be extending today's conversation on Ethereum 2.0 with Consensys’ Ben Edgington in a CoinDesk podcast series called “Mapping Out Eth 2.0.” New episodes air every Thursday. Listen and subscribe through the CoinDesk podcast feed on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, Pocketcasts, Google Podcasts, Castbox, Stitcher, RadioPublica, IHeartRadio or RSS.

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