Google's Win for Open Source

What you need to know today in crypto and beyond

April 6, 2021

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Today's must-reads

Top Shelf

BITCOIN FRANCHISE: The Sacramento Kings are set to become the first major sports franchise to offer a bitcoin payment option to all players and staff, team owner Vivek Ranadivé said on Clubhouse on Monday. The NBA team began selling everything from tickets to hot dogs for BTC in 2014, through BitPay.

LIGHTNING GROWTH: Bitcoin’s Lightning Network has 10,000 active nodes and $69 million in locked value. The network has doubled over the past year, with everyday users and major exchanges embracing the scaling technology.

NIFTY NEWS: Mumbai-based WazirX exchange, the largest in India, launched the nation’s first non-fungible tokens (NFT) platform, amid a period of legal uncertainty. Separately, Mark Cuban-backed Nifty’s has hired Olta Andoni as chief legal officer to wade through complex legal questions – from copyright to money laundering laws – posed by NFTs. Lastly, Sotheby’s has announced the date of its first NFT auction, featuring work from digital artist Pak, April 12-14 on Gemini’s Nifty Gateway; rapper M.I.A. is getting into the scene and CryptoPunks are on Miami billboards.

CRYPTOJACKING DECLINE: Incidents of cryptojacking involving monero are down for the first time since 2018, according to new research from analytics firm Unit 42.

NEW OFFERINGS: Asset manager CoinShares has launched a physically backed litecoin exchange-traded product (ETP), under the ticker LITE, on the Swiss SIX exchange. Separately, Grayscale Investments, the world’s largest digital asset manager, has added Chainlink’s LINK token to its Digital Large Cap Fund. (Grayscale and an editorially independent CoinDesk are both owned by Digital Currency Group.)

– Daniel Kuhn

Overheard on CoinDesk TV

Sound Bite

"For me the smell test for all this will be when tax officials ... say you can pay your taxes in crypto. Taxes seem to be the origin of money in many ways. Then I'll believe it's money."

– Global Capital Markets Analyst Marc Chandler said on CoinDesk TV's "First Mover."

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A message from CoinDesk

CoinDesk’s Christine Kim and Consensys’ Ben Edgington present a weekly podcast series on the live development of Ethereum 2.0 and its potential impact on the crypto markets.

In each episode, the team discusses major news events related to Eth 2.0 from addressing skepticism to the consequences of node slashing.

Listen to "Mapping Out Eth 2.0" every Thursday on the CoinDesk Podcast Network.

What others are writing...

Off-Chain Signals

– D.K.

Investor Momentum to NFT Boom: CoinDesk Research's Quarterly Review

Introducing CoinDesk Research's quarterly review, covering the main developments over the first three months of 2021 in Bitcoin, Ethereum, DeFi, stablecoins and – of course – NFTs.

The report presents over 100 insights on how retail investors are picking up market momentum, how Ethereum activity is not being driven by NFTs as much as one might think, how stablecoins have responded to increased activity, how DeFi is for now the realm of decentralized exchanges and more.

Download the CoinDesk Quarterly Review, First Quarter 2021.

Putting the news in perspective

The Takeaway

Open-Source Win

On Monday, the U.S. Supreme Court sided with Google over Oracle in a major copyright battle about the “fair use” of code. The ruling is widely seen as a boon to the open-source software movement and may have implications for the cryptocurrency industry. After all, most crypto projects aren’t protected by copyright.

The backstory: When developing the Android operating system, Google ported over 11,000 lines of code from Java SE, a programming environment now owned by Oracle but built by Sun Microsystems. It wanted to ensure interoperability between the platforms. Oracle argued that re-using portions of its API, a sort of bridge between two types of code, was copyright infringement.

Why it matters: The court’s decision upholds a longstanding Silicon Valley tradition: coding by appropriation. Programmers steal and modify, copy and paste is ubiquitous – and not just in crypto. Developers can now rest easy knowing they can take codified ideas and tinker with them to build something new (transforming the code to iterate is key to fair-use doctrine).

Recently, a popular decentralized exchange issued its latest software version under a “business source license,” to prevent rival projects from replicating its code base wholesale. That sort of development isn’t uncommon in crypto: Binance Smart Chain is essentially a remodeling of Ethereum, as is the JPMorgan-incubated Quorum blockchain now owned by ConsenSys.

That’s just par for the course. There’s a direct line from Xerox to Apple’s Macintosh to Microsoft Windows, with each iteration lifting good ideas from its predecessor. The new ruling won’t allow reproduction of entire operating systems or smartphone designs (unless they’re already open source), but clarifies that certain bits of code – even when proprietary – have a utilitarian function, and, in some sense, belong to the world.

Protocol Labs, the open-source shop behind Filecoin and IFPS, submitted a “friend of the court” brief on behalf of Google. “The TL;DR [of the Supreme Court decision] is any time you are using an UI or API duplication, it's basically always going to be fair use,” Marta Belcher, a technology lawyer and outside counsel for Protocol Labs, said over Zoom. The actual decision went far beyond what Belcher had anticipated.

“Google reimplemented a user interface, taking only what was needed to allow users to put their accrued talents to work in a new and transformative program,” Justice Stephen Breyer wrote for the 6-2 majority. Oracle, of course, balked at the decision, saying it is anti-competitive. "The Google platform just got bigger and market power greater," a rep said in a statement.

There are still lingering questions. For one, the court didn’t rule on whether APIs could be copyrighted, but argued from the position as though Oracle’s copyright was in place.

“That's what's so interesting about this case. It used to be that fair use, or figuring out what is fair use, was a question for the jury, meaning, it was never clear,” Belcher said. “What happened here, that no one expected, is the Supreme Court found fair use as a matter of law. You don't need a jury to decide whether reimplementing an interface is fair use, bringing most development out of the realm of squishy, wishy‑washy uncertainty. That type of clarity – bright, clear lines – is really important for the open source space.”

Protocol Labs is commonly viewed as an antagonist to Big Tech. I asked Belcher if she thought it was odd rooting for Google in this instance. She replied:

“Often civil liberties groups root for a plaintiff who was very unsavory or who has done unsavory things because a case, if it gets to the point of a decision, could have bad effects on a lot of good actors."

– D.K.

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