Burrowing and Boobytraps: How Trump’s Eleventh-Hour Maneuvers Differ From Those of Previous Lame-Duck Presidents—and How They Don’t

MICHAEL C. DORF

Cornell law professor Michael C. Dorf argues Trump’s actions during his final months are different from those of past presidents, and particularly dangerous. As Dorf explains, Trump is aiming to do damage for its own sake, whereas other lame-duck presidents have at least sought to advance policy aims in pursuit of some conception of the common good.

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United States v. Ruiz Gainza

Dockets: 19-10430, 20-10009

Opinion Date: December 8, 2020

Judge: M. Margaret McKeown

Areas of Law: Criminal Law

The Ninth Circuit vacated defendants' sentences imposed after they pleaded guilty to multiple offenses, including conspiracy to possess unauthorized access devices, access device fraud, and aggravated identity theft. Defendants' convictions arose from their installation of cameras and skimmers at ATM machines to film fingers as PINS were entered and to record the information of inserted cards. The panel held that the record does not support the conclusion that defendants obtained 852 and 754 account numbers respectively. The panel explained that, while there is evidence that defendant hoped to obtain account information for each ATM customer, there is insufficient evidence that they succeeded in doing so. Therefore, the district court clearly erred by applying a twelve-level increase to defendants' base level under USSG 2B1.1(b)(1) based on its conclusion that defendants obtained account information for each person who visited the ATMs while the cameras and skimmers were installed. In this case, while the government showed how many people used the ATMs while the skimmers were installed, it did not provide any evidence of the skimmer success rate, either for these transactions or even for hypothetical transactions.

United States v. Sineneng-Smith

Docket: 15-10614

Opinion Date: December 8, 2020

Judge: Tashima

Areas of Law: Criminal Law

On remand from the Supreme Court, the Ninth Circuit affirmed defendant's convictions on two counts of encouraging and inducing an alien to remain in the United States for the purposes of financial gain in violation of 8 U.S.C. 1324(a)(1)(A)(iv) and 1324(a)(1)(B)(i)). Defendant, who operated an immigration consulting business, continued to sign retainer agreements and inform clients that they could obtain green cards via a labor certification program under Section 245i of the Immigration and Nationality Act, which defendant knew had expired. The panel rejected defendant's contention that the conduct charged is beyond the scope of Subsection (A)(iv) and held that the fact that engaging in the underlying section 245i process may have yielded some legitimate benefit to defendant's clients does not detract from her culpability under Subsection (A)(iv). The panel also held that defendant did not lack fair notice that her conduct violated the law and her prosecution did not violate due process; the Subsection (A)(iv) charges against defendant were not impermissibly vague, and the district court did not err by refusing to dismiss them; and, because defendant's conduct was not protected by the First Amendment, the district court did not err by denying her motion to dismiss the charges on First Amendment grounds. Finally, the panel held that the evidence was sufficient to establish that defendant encouraged or induced her clients to remain in the United States.

Clare v. Clare

Docket: 19-36039

Opinion Date: December 8, 2020

Judge: Michael Daly Hawkins

Areas of Law: Internet Law

A husband's unauthorized access into his wife's work emails—undoubtedly an invasion of her privacy—could also constitute a violation of the Stored Communications Act. After wife and her law firm employer filed suit against husband and his divorce lawyer, the other parties resolved their claims and wife filed a second amended complaint alleging one cause of action against husband under the Act. The district court granted summary judgment for husband because wife failed to show that the e-mails husband allegedly accessed were in "back up storage" as defined by the Act. The Ninth Circuit reversed the district court's exclusion of a declaration submitted by plaintiff, concluding that the district court abused its discretion in disregarding the declarant's personal knowledge about wife's e-mail storage. The panel explained that the evidence does not require expert qualification where the declarant was employed with the IT company that services wife's law firm and the information he provides is far from technical. The panel held that the Act provides a private cause of action against one who intentionally accesses without authorization a facility through which an electronic communication service is provided and thereby obtains, alters, or prevents authorized access to a wire or electronic communication while it is in electronic storage. Electronic storage includes storage for purposes of backup protection, which requires that there be a second, backup copy of a message. In this case, the declaration submitted by plaintiff created a genuine dispute of material fact with respect to whether the e-mails defendant accessed were entitled to protection under the Act. Finally, the panel agreed with the Fourth Circuit's recent rejection of any distinction between the protection afforded to "service copies," meaning those less conveniently accessible. The panel reversed the district court's grant of summary judgment and remanded for further proceedings.