Lithium-ion batteries have become the most common rechargeable batteries for consumer electronics and automotive applications due to their high energy densities, decent power density, relatively high cell voltages, and low weight-to-volume ratios. The increased demand and the pressure for improving battery performance have intensified the need for mathematical modeling. Modeling and simulations allow for the analysis of an almost unlimited number of design parameters and operating conditions at a relatively small cost. Experimental tests are used to provide the necessary validation of the models. | 
